Livelihood Improvement through Agroforestry Compared to Conventional Farming System: Evidence from Northern Irrigated Plain, Pakistan

The concept of sustainable livelihood garnered a prominent status in humanitarian and international development organizations that aim to calculate build for agroforestry farmers. However, it is difficult measure analyze as well visualize the data improvement from (AF). This paper comparatively assessed 400 smallholder farmers’ through AF conventional farming (CF) systems Northern Irrigated Plain Pakistan. findings showed has mixed impact on capital, including human, physical, natural, financial social capital. Specifically, significantly improved capital terms timber, non-timber fuel wood income. Furthermore, physical (buffalo plough, generators sprinklers), natural (the extent cultivated land ownership; number households (HHs) growing vegetables, fruit crops medicinal crops) groups HHs involved sharing crop seeds) farmer were compared those CF results show gain income, owning high-value vehicles (tractors) farmers trust collective activities higher than ones. Therefore, enhance contribution rural livelihood, advanced extension services government involvement research planning implementing are needed.